Ransomware

Ransomware is a category of malicious software (malware) designed to encrypt files or entire systems and then demand a ransom for the decryption key. Modern ransomware groups operate with professional corporate structures, support teams, and even service level agreements (SLAs) guaranteeing decryption upon payment.

History

1989 - AIDS Trojan (PC Cyborg) The first documented ransomware spread via floppy disk at AIDS research conferences. It encrypted filenames and demanded $189 be sent to a post office box address in Panama.

2013 - CryptoLocker The beginning of the modern ransomware era. CryptoLocker was the first to use strong RSA-2048 encryption and Bitcoin for anonymous payments. Within a few months, several million dollars were extorted.

2017 - WannaCry The most devastating global ransomware attack to date. WannaCry exploited the NSA’s EternalBlue exploit for the SMB protocol vulnerability (CVE-2017-0144) and infected over 200,000 systems in 150 countries within hours—including the UK’s NHS and Deutsche Bahn.

2017 - NotPetya Technically disguised as ransomware, but actually a wiper (sabotage). NotPetya caused an estimated $10 billion in damages—the most expensive cyberattack in history.

2019–present – Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS) Professionalization of the business model: Developers (core teams) provide their ransomware platforms to affiliates, who carry out the actual attacks and pay a share (typically 20–30%) of the ransom payments.

Technical Process of a Ransomware Attack

Step 1: Initial Access

Most common entry points:

• Phishing emails with malware attachments or links to drive-by downloads
• Exploitation of public services: RDP ports (3389), VPN gateways with known vulnerabilities
• Compromised credentials: Purchased or leaked credentials for VPNs and remote access systems
• Supply chain compromise: Attacks via software updates (as in the SolarWinds case)

Step 2: Persistence and Privilege Escalation

After gaining initial access, attackers establish persistent backdoors and escalate their privileges to the domain administrator level. This typically occurs via:

• Exploitation of Active Directory vulnerabilities (Pass-the-Hash, Kerberoasting)
• Misuse of legitimate tools (LOLBins: PowerShell, WMI, PsExec)
• Lateral movement: spreading to other systems on the network

Step 3: Discovery and Exfiltration (Double Extortion)

Modern ransomware groups exfiltrate sensitive data before encryption. This enables double extortion: payment for the decryption key AND for the non-publication of the data.

Step 4: Impact - Encryption

Encryption is performed using modern algorithms (AES-256 for files, RSA-2048/4096 for key exchange). Targets are carefully selected:

• Shadow copies and backups are specifically deleted
• Domain controllers are encrypted last (maximum impact)
• High-value file types (databases, email archives, CAD files) are prioritized

Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS)

The RaaS model has democratized ransomware: Technically less-savvy attackers (affiliates) can rent professional malware and use infrastructure for payment processing, negotiations, and decryption.

Notable RaaS groups (historical):

• LockBit (2019–2024): Largest known ransomware group, up to 1,000 victims per month
• BlackCat/ALPHV (2021–2024): First major group with Go-based, cross-platform ransomware
• Cl0p (2019–present): Known for exploiting zero-days in MOVEit and GoAnywhere
• REvil/Sodinokibi (2019–2021): Responsible for the Kaseya attack ($70 million ransom demanded)

Protective Measures

Technical

• Offline backups (3-2-1 rule): 3 copies, 2 different media types, 1 offsite – and regular recovery testing
• Network segmentation: Microsegmentation prevents lateral movement
• Patch management: Critical CVEs must be patched within 72 hours
• MFA on all remote access: Compromised credentials alone are then insufficient
• Privilege minimization: No standard user requires domain administrator rights
• EDR/XDR solutions: Endpoint Detection and Response for behavioral analysis
• Email filtering: Anti-phishing, DMARC/DKIM/SPF enforcement

Organizational

• Incident Response Plan: Documented in writing, practiced regularly (Tabletop Exercises)
• Security Awareness: Employee training and simulated phishing tests
• Crisis Management Team: Who decides whether to pay or not in an emergency?

Should you pay the ransom?

Official recommendation from BSI, BKA, and Europol: No. Reasons:

1. Payment funds further criminal activities
2. No guarantee of decryption (approx. 20% never receive working keys)
3. Statistical probability of a follow-up attack increases
4. Potential violation of OFAC sanctions if payment is made to listed groups

In practice, approx. 46% of affected organizations pay (Coveware 2024). The average ransom demand in 2024 was $2.73 million.

In the Event of an Attack: Immediate Actions

1. Disconnect systems from the network – do not shut them down (preserve forensic evidence)
2. Notify BSI/BKA (mandatory for KRITIS operators under NIS2)
3. Activate the Incident Response Team (internal or external)
4. Check backups – have they been compromised?
5. Do not negotiate on your own – consult specialists

Further information: AWARE7 Emergency Assistance for Cyberattacks