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Cryptography: encryption, algorithms, PKI and post-quantum

Cryptography fundamentals: AES, RSA, ECC, password hashing (bcrypt, Argon2), digital signatures, PKI, TLS 1.3, ML-KEM and ML-DSA.

Summary: Cryptography protects confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity: symmetric encryption (AES-256-GCM) for performance, asymmetric encryption (RSA-4096, ECC P-384) for key exchange and signatures, and hybrid methods that combine both. TLS 1.3 (mandatory, 1.0/1.1 deprecated), PKI and certificate chains, quantum threat from Shor’s algorithm → post-quantum cryptography (CRYSTALS-Kyber, CRYSTALS-Dilithium). BSI recommends: AES-256, RSA-3072+, SHA-256+.

Sources & References

  1. [1] NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization - NIST
  2. [2] BSI: Kryptographische Verfahren - Empfehlungen und Schlüssellängen TR-02102 - BSI
  3. [3] RFC 8446 - TLS 1.3 - IETF
  4. [4] OWASP Cryptographic Storage Cheat Sheet - OWASP

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About the Author

Jan Hörnemann
Jan Hörnemann

COO

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M.Sc. in Internet Security (if(is), Westfälische Hochschule). COO and authorized officer (Prokurist) with expertise in information security consulting and security awareness. Junior professor (Nachwuchsprofessur) for Cyber Security at FOM Hochschule, CISO lecturer at isits AG and doctoral candidate at the Graduierteninstitut NRW.

11 Publikationen
ISO 27001 Lead Auditor (PECB/TÜV) T.I.S.P. (TeleTrusT) ITIL 4 (PeopleCert) BSI IT-Grundschutz-Praktiker (DGI) Ext. ISB (TÜV) BSI CyberRisikoCheck CEH (EC-Council)
This article was last edited on 03/29/2026. Responsible: Jan Hörnemann, COO at AWARE7 GmbH. License: CC BY 4.0 - free use with attribution: "AWARE7 GmbH, https://a7.de"

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