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Cryptography: encryption, algorithms, PKI and post-quantum

Cryptography fundamentals: AES, RSA, ECC, password hashing (bcrypt, Argon2), digital signatures, PKI, TLS 1.3, ML-KEM and ML-DSA.

Summary: Cryptography protects confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity: symmetric encryption (AES-256-GCM) for performance, asymmetric encryption (RSA-4096, ECC P-384) for key exchange and signatures, and hybrid methods that combine both. TLS 1.3 (mandatory, 1.0/1.1 deprecated), PKI and certificate chains, quantum threat from Shor’s algorithm → post-quantum cryptography (CRYSTALS-Kyber, CRYSTALS-Dilithium). BSI recommends: AES-256, RSA-3072+, SHA-256+.

Sources & References

  1. [1] NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization - NIST
  2. [2] BSI: Kryptographische Verfahren - Empfehlungen und Schlüssellängen TR-02102 - BSI
  3. [3] RFC 8446 - TLS 1.3 - IETF
  4. [4] OWASP Cryptographic Storage Cheat Sheet - OWASP

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About the Author

Jan Hörnemann
Jan Hörnemann

Chief Operating Officer · Prokurist

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M.Sc. Internet-Sicherheit (if(is), Westfälische Hochschule). COO und Prokurist mit Expertise in Informationssicherheitsberatung und Security Awareness. Nachwuchsprofessor für Cyber Security an der FOM Hochschule, CISO-Referent bei der isits AG und Promovend am Graduierteninstitut NRW.

11 Publikationen
ISO 27001 Lead Auditor (PECB/TÜV) T.I.S.P. (TeleTrusT) ITIL 4 (PeopleCert) BSI IT-Grundschutz-Praktiker (DGI) Ext. ISB (TÜV) BSI CyberRisikoCheck CEH (EC-Council)
This article was last edited on 03/29/2026. Responsible: Jan Hörnemann, Chief Operating Officer · Prokurist at AWARE7 GmbH. License: CC BY 4.0 - free use with attribution: "AWARE7 GmbH, https://a7.de"

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