WLAN security in the company: From WPA3 to 802.1X

Wi-Fi is one of the most commonly overlooked attack vectors. Weak pre-shared keys, public SSIDs without guest isolation, and a lack of rogue AP detection make corporate networks easy prey.

Comparing Wi-Fi Security Standards

WEP / WPA / WPA2 / WPA3:

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy):
  → Introduced in 1999, cracked as early as 2001
  → AIRODUMP-NG + AIRCRACK-NG: cracked in minutes
  → NEVER use! (Museum artifact)

WPA2-Personal (PSK):
  → Pre-Shared Key: everyone shares the SAME key
  → Risk: Key compromised = everyone affected!
  → PMKID attack: Key can be cracked offline (Hashcat)
  → Crack 4-way handshake offline: if captured
  → Use: only at home/small office with a strong key
  
  # Cracking a weak WPA2-PSK (pen test):
  airmon-ng start wlan0
  airodump-ng wlan0mon --bssid BSSID -c CHANNEL -w capture
  aircrack-ng capture.cap -w /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

WPA3-SAE (Simultaneous Authentication of Equals):
  → Dragonfly Key Exchange: offline cracking impossible!
  → Forward Secrecy: compromised key = past sessions secure
  → Downgrade protection: no fallback to WPA2
  → Use: BYOD network, small business

WPA3-Enterprise (802.1X + EAP):
  → Individual per user (no shared key!)
  → RADIUS backend: AD authentication
  → EAP-TLS: Certificate-based (no password risk)
  → PMF (Protected Management Frames): Mandatory
  → 192-bit mode: CNSA suite for highly sensitive environments
  → Recommended: for all enterprise networks!

Multi-SSID Strategy

SSID Segmentation in the Enterprise:

Recommended SSID Structure:
  CORP-INTERNAL:
  → Authentication: 802.1X (EAP-TLS/PEAP)
  → VLAN: 30 (Corporate Users)
  → Access: Full internal access
  → Devices: Company laptops, smartphones (with MDM)
  
  BYOD-WIFI:
  → Authentication: 802.1X (PEAP-MSCHAPv2, AD credentials)
  → VLAN: 35 (BYOD - restricted)
  → Access: Internet + specific internal resources
  → Conditional Access: MFA + device compliance check
  
  GUEST-WIFI:
  → Authentication: Captive Portal (click or code)
  → VLAN: 60 (Guests, completely isolated)
  → Access: Internet only (no access to internal resources!)
  → Bandwidth Limit: 10 Mbit/s (to ensure quality)
  → Client Isolation: Guests cannot see each other
  
  MANAGEMENT-WIFI:
  → Authentication: 802.1X + EAP-TLS (Certificates)
  → VLAN: 90 (Management)
  → Access: Network Infrastructure Management
  → For IT Admins Only (few devices!)

Hidden SSID? No security benefit!
  → SSID "hidden": Beacons are missing, but probe requests are visible
  → AIRODUMP-NG reveals hidden SSIDs immediately
  → "Security through obscurity" does not apply!
  → Instead: Use true authentication

802.1X Wi-Fi Configuration

Enterprise Wi-Fi with RADIUS:

Cisco Meraki (Cloud-managed):
  # Dashboard → Wireless → SSIDs → CORP-INTERNAL
  Security: WPA2/3 Enterprise
  RADIUS:
    Primary: 192.168.90.10:1812 (FreeRADIUS/NPS)
    Secret: "StrongRADIUSSecret123!"
  VLAN: 30
  PMF: Required (!)
  WPA3 Transition Mode: active (during migration)

Ubiquiti UniFi:
  # UniFi Network Controller → WiFi → New WiFi Network
  SSID: CORP-INTERNAL
  Security: WPA Enterprise
  RADIUS Profile:
    IP: 192.168.90.10
    Port: 1812
    Secret: "RADIUS-Secret"
  VLAN: 30
  Fast Roaming: 802.11r (for VoIP/Mobile)
  PMF: Required

Aruba (HPE):
  # Aruba Central or ArubaOS:
  aaa server-group "CORP-RADIUS"
  auth-server "dc01-nps" host 192.168.90.10
  key "StrongRadiusSecret"
  
  wlan ssid-profile "CORP-INTERNAL"
  essid "CORP-INTERNAL"
  opmode wpa3-enterprise-ccmp-256
  auth-req 802.1x
  server-group "CORP-RADIUS"

Certificate Deployment (EAP-TLS) via Intune:
  # SCEP Profile: Automatically Assign Client Certificate
  # Device Configuration → Profiles → SCEP Certificate
  # Then: WLAN profile with this certificate
  # Result: Company laptop connects automatically → no password!

Rogue Access Point Detection

Detecting unauthorized APs on the network:

What is a rogue AP?
  → Employee brings in a personal router ("because the Wi-Fi is bad")
  → Attacker places an AP on the network (Evil Twin)
  → Both: bypass security controls!

Detection methods:

  Integrated into the Wi-Fi controller (best method):
  → Cisco/Aruba/Ubiquiti: RF scanning of APs
  → APs continuously scan all channels
  → Unknown BSSIDs → Alert!
  → Wired-side detection: Can rogue APs also be detected in the switch?

  Automatic classification:
  → BSSID on the network: internal rogue (someone plugged in an AP)
  → External BSSID: Neighbor AP (not necessarily a threat)
  → BSSID has the same SSID as ours: Evil Twin! (P1 alert!)

  Aruba RAPIDS (Rogue AP Detection):
  → Classified: Known, Rogue, Suspected Rogue, Neighbor
  → Automatic Containment: sends deauthentication frames to rogue clients
    WARNING: Deauthentication flooding could violate telecommunications laws
    → only within your own network!

Evil Twin Attack Detection:
  → Attacker clones our SSID with the same SSID
  → Positions themselves closer than our AP → stronger signal
  → Clients connect to the attacker’s AP!
  
  Protection:
  → PMF (Protected Management Frames): Mandatory!
  → 802.1X: Attacker can clone the SSID, but not the RADIUS certificate
  → With EAP-TLS: Client validates server certificate → fake AP detected!
  → Without server certificate validation: Attacker wins!

Wi-Fi Penetration Testing Methodology

What AWARE7 checks during Wi-Fi pen tests:

Reconnaissance:
  Kismet or Wireshark:
  → Which SSIDs are visible?
  → What encryption is used?
  → Which clients are connecting?
  → Probe requests: Which SSIDs are clients searching for?

WPA2-PSK cracking (if available):
  → Capture 4-way handshake
  → PMKID attack (no client required!)
  → Offline crack: Dictionary attack + rules
  → Result: Key found or not (report: time required)

Evil Twin Attack Test:
  → Clone own SSID
  → Hostapd-WPE (PEAP credential harvesting)
  → Will employees connect? Credentials intercepted?
  → Detectable: RADIUS certificate validation configured?

Isolation Test (Guest Wi-Fi):
  → Connect to guest Wi-Fi
  → Can I reach internal IPs? (Should be: NO)
  → Can I access other guests (client isolation)?
  → Can I reach the AP’s management interface?

AP Security:
  → Default credentials on management interface?
  → Telnet/HTTP disabled? (SSH/HTTPS only!)
  → Management accessible only from MGMT VLAN?
  → Firmware up to date?

Typical Findings:
  → WPA2-PSK with weak key (cracked in <1h)
  → No guest isolation (guests can see company servers)
  → Management interface accessible from all VLANs
  → Default credentials on AP (admin/admin)
  → PEAP without server certificate validation → Evil Twin attack possible